[JoeF]

[b][size=150]Wing twist or washout[/size][/b]

Though our forum has some comments on HG's wing twist or washout (tapered stalling so wing root in keel region stalls first while allowing wing tip region to remain flying well). There are several means to effect washout in a wing of a hang glider. This topic thread invites study and discussion of washout for HGs, including how to build HGs that assure the washout wanted. Stalling behaviour is important for safe flying.

[url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washout_(aeronautics)]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washout_(aeronautics)[/url]

One broad brush effort might delineate methods of obtaining washout in a HG wing. Details of construction for washout may change depending on the core HG framing type.
Help delineate HG types and then help delineate means/constructions in the types to obtain twist or washout. Fixed washout? Variable washout? Controllable-in-flight washout, control surfaces, constructions at or near leading edge, construction at or near trailing edge, constructions in mid-chord regions, morphable airfoiling, ...

[b]Incomplete HG sectors:[/b]
Flexwings not taut
Flexwings taut
SS unribbed
SS ribbed
DS unribbed
DS ribbed
Rigid wing SS
Rigid wing DS
.....
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Let there be a built HG ready to be examined, studied, tested. Upon observing some results, let's say one wants to modify the lift distribution for the wing and adjust such to effect changed washout. Explore the ways of modifying the HG to effect a change in the washout. Fixed, variable, or controllable are categories of mods.

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Whatever mod is done, one might consider how the mod affects packing the HG. And those interested in tiny packing of a HG, the mod method could be quite important. Tiny packing in high focus is being discussed and studied in form at https://ushawks.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=
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[b]Artificial Intelligence via ChatGPT wrote today[/b]: [Be ready to criticize or correct AI text.]

[quote]Variably controlled washout is a design feature that allows for the twist in the wing to be adjusted during flight. This can provide greater flexibility and control over the flight characteristics of the hang glider, allowing the pilot to adjust the wing's stability and maneuverability as needed.

However, variably controlled washout is not a common design feature in hang gliders, as it adds complexity and weight to the glider. It also requires additional mechanisms and controls to be installed, which can increase the risk of failure or malfunction.

Overall, while variably controlled washout may offer some benefits for experienced and skilled pilots, it is not a necessary or standard feature for most hang gliders. It is important to follow proper safety guidelines and use equipment that has been designed and tested to meet established safety standards.[/quote]

[b]What are some ways to have washout in an airplane wing?[/b]
Washout is typically achieved in an airplane wing through a combination of a twist in the airfoil shape and/or a twist in the wing structure. Here are some common ways to create washout in an airplane wing:

[i]Aerodynamic Twist:[/i] This is the most common method of creating washout. It involves designing the wing with an airfoil shape that has a lower angle of attack near the wingtips than near the wing root. This twist in the airfoil shape causes the wingtips to stall last, maintaining lift and stability.

[i]Structural Twist:[/i] This method involves physically twisting the wing structure to create a twist in the airfoil shape. This can be done by tapering the wing from the root to the tip, or by using wing ribs that are shaped to create a twist.

[i]Combination Twist:[/i] A combination of both aerodynamic and structural twists can be used to create washout. For example, a wing might have a structural twist, but also have a wingtip that is twisted at a greater angle to further reduce the angle of attack and maintain lift.

[i]Winglets:[/i] Another method of creating washout is through the use of winglets. These are vertical extensions of the wingtips that alter the airflow around the wing, reducing drag and increasing lift while also providing some washout effect.

Overall, washout is an important design feature in airplane wings, as it helps to maintain stability and prevent stalling. The specific method used to create washout will depend on the design requirements and performance goals of the aircraft.
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https://b2streamlines.com/Culver/Culver.html
The Culver Twist Formula